The Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern influences regional weather by affecting the strength and location of the East Asian jet stream, and subsequently, the weather it delivers to North America.

Minimum sea ice extent observed by satellites each September has decreased by 13.2 percent per decade since the late 1970s. The seven lowest extents all occurred since 2007.

Temperatures measured on land and at sea for more than a century show that Earth's globally averaged surface temperature is rising.

Sea level has been rising over the past century, and the rate has increased in recent decades as melting of glaciers and ice sheets has accelerated.

The Arctic Oscillation (AO) refers to an atmospheric circulation pattern over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The most obvious reflection of the phase of this oscillation is the north-to-south location of the storm-steering, mid-latitude jet stream.