Record high sea levels and rainfall extremes have buffeted Hawaii and other U.S. Pacific islands this year.
It's been a tough year for the globe's coral and the scientists who use coral to paint a picture of ENSO back thousands of years.
Few places on Earth are more strongly affected by El Niño than the Galápagos Islands, which straddle the equator in the eastern tropical Pacific. Guest blogger Kris Karnauskas explains why these unique islands are so biologically productive—and what happens to that productivity during El Niño.