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Observed maize yield anomalies (top panel) expressed as percent deviations from the long-term trend for 1983. A very strong El Niño began developing during Mar-May of 1982, peaked during Oct-Feb of 1982-83 and had transitioned into a weak La Niña by the following Aug-Oct of 1983. Estimates of the extent to which ENSO affected maize yield anomalies in 1983 are shown in the bottom panel. Figure adapted from Anderson et al., 2019, which contains the methods used to attribute yield anomalies to ENSO. Figure modified by climate.gov.